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Python Complete Cheat Sheet ЁЯРН 500+ Functions, Methods рдФрд░ Concepts рдЖрд╕ाрди рднाрд╖ा рдоें Explained

Learn Python in simple Hindi with this complete cheat sheet covering 500+ functions, methods, concepts, data types, OOP, modules and more.

 

рддो рд╕्рд╡ाрдЧрдд рд╣ै рдЖрдкрдХा। ЁЯСЛ

рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдк Programming рд╕ीрдЦрдиा рдЪाрд╣рддे рд╣ैं, рддो Python рд╕рдмрд╕े popular рдФрд░ beginner-friendly programming languages рдоें рд╕े рдПрдХ рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕рдХा syntax рдХाрдлी simple рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕ी рд╡рдЬрд╣ рд╕े beginners рдХे рд▓िрдП Python рд╕े programming рд╢ुрд░ू рдХрд░рдиा рдЖрд╕ाрди рд░рд╣рддा рд╣ै।

Python рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдЖрдЬ Web Development, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Automation, Cybersecurity, Game Development, Desktop Applications рдФрд░ Scripting рдЬैрд╕े рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕ाрд░े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ों рдоें рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

рд▓ेрдХिрди Python рд╕ीрдЦрддे рд╕рдордп рдПрдХ problem рдЖрддी рд╣ै—рдЬैрд╕े-рдЬैрд╕े рдЖрдк рдЖрдЧे рдмрдв़рддे рд╣ैं, рд╡ैрд╕े-рд╡ैрд╕े рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕ाрд░े Functions, Methods, Operators, Modules, Classes рдФрд░ Concepts рд╕ाрдордиे рдЖрдиे рд▓рдЧрддे рд╣ैं।

рдЗрд╕ीрд▓िрдП рдЗрд╕ article рдоें рд╣рдордиे Python рдХा рдПрдХ Complete Cheat Sheet рддैрдпाрд░ рдХिрдпा рд╣ै।

рдЗрд╕рдоें рдЖрдкрдХो Python рдХे 500+ important Functions, Methods, Concepts рдФрд░ Features рдЖрд╕ाрди рднाрд╖ा рдоें рдоिрд▓ेंрдЧे।

рдЖрдк рдЗрд╕ article рдХो Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХे рд╕ाрде-рд╕ाрде Quick Revision Guide рдХी рддрд░рд╣ рднी рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।


ЁЯТб рдоेрд░ा рдЕрдиुрднрд╡

Python рд╕ीрдЦрддे рд╕рдордп рд╕рдмрд╕े рдкрд╣рд▓े рдЖрдкрдХो Syntax рдФрд░ Basic Concepts рд╕рдордЭрдиे рдЪाрд╣िрдП। рд╢ुрд░ुрдЖрдд рдоें рдХेрд╡рд▓ рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕ाрд░े Functions рдпाрдж рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдХोрд╢िрд╢ рдХрд░рдиा рд╕рд╣ी рддрд░ीрдХा рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै।

рдкрд╣рд▓े:

Variables → Data Types → Operators → Conditions → Loops → Functions → Collections

рдХो рдЕрдЪ्рдЫी рддрд░рд╣ рд╕рдордЭें।

рдЗрд╕рдХे рдмाрдж:

OOP → Modules → File Handling → Exceptions → APIs → Libraries → Projects

рдХी рддрд░рдл рдмрдв़ें।

Python рдХी рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЕрдЪ्рдЫी рдмाрдд рдпрд╣ рд╣ै рдХि рдЗрд╕рдХा Code рдкрдв़рдиे рдоें рднी рдХाрдлी рдЖрд╕ाрди рд▓рдЧрддा рд╣ै। рд▓ेрдХिрди рд╕िрд░्рдл Code рдкрдв़рдиा рдХाрдлी рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै।

Code рд▓िрдЦिрдП → Run рдХीрдЬिрдП → Error рджेрдЦिрдП → Error рд╕рдордЭिрдП → рдлिрд░ рджोрдмाрд░ा Try рдХीрдЬिрдП।

рдпрд╣ी Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХा рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЕрдЪ्рдЫा рддрд░ीрдХा рд╣ै।


Python рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?

Python рдПрдХ high-level, general-purpose programming language рд╣ै।

Python рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрдИ рддрд░рд╣ рдХे рдХाрдоों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै:

  • Web Development

  • Data Science

  • Artificial Intelligence

  • Machine Learning

  • Automation

  • Scripting

  • Cybersecurity

  • Game Development

  • Desktop Applications

  • Scientific Computing

  • Data Analysis

  • API Development

рдПрдХ simple Python program:

print("Hello World!")

Output:

Hello World!

Python рдХी рдЦाрд╕ рдмाрдд рдпрд╣ рд╣ै рдХि рдЗрд╕рдоें code рдХाрдлी clean рдФрд░ readable рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।


Python рдХैрд╕े Install рдХрд░ें?

Python рдХो install рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рдЖрдк рдЗрд╕े Terminal, Command Prompt, IDLE рдпा рдХिрд╕ी Code Editor рдЬैрд╕े VS Code рдоें рдЪрд▓ा рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।

Version check рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

python --version

рдпा:

python3 --version

Python interpreter рд╢ुрд░ू рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

python

Program run рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

python app.py

Python Comments

Comments рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ code рдХो рд╕рдордЭाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

Single Line Comment

# This is a comment

Multi-Line Style

"""
This is a
multi-line comment style
"""

рдз्рдпाрди рд░рдЦें рдХि triple quotes technically string literals рд╣ैं, рдЬिрди्рд╣ें рдЕрдХ्рд╕рд░ documentation рдпा multi-line text рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।


Python Variables

Python рдоें variable рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрд╕ी special keyword рдХी рдЬрд░ूрд░рдд рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрддी।

name = "Rahul"
age = 20
city = "Delhi"

Value рджेрдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

print(name)

Variable рдХा type:

type(age)

Python Variable Naming Rules

Variable:

  • Letter рд╕े рд╢ुрд░ू рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

  • _ рд╕े рд╢ुрд░ू рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

  • Number рд╕े рд╢ुрд░ू рдирд╣ीं рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा।

  • Space рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।

  • Case-sensitive рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।

  • Python keywords рдХो variable name рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдирд╣ीं рдХрд░рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।

рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг:

name = "Rahul"
_name = "Aman"
age2 = 25

рдЧрд▓рдд:

2name = "Rahul"

Python Data Types

Python рдоें рдХрдИ important built-in data types рд╣ैं:

Data TypeExample
str"Hello"
int25
float10.5
complex2+3j
boolTrue
list[1, 2, 3]
tuple(1, 2, 3)
set{1, 2, 3}
dict{"name": "Rahul"}
NoneTypeNone
bytesb"Hello"
bytearraybytearray(5)
rangerange(5)

String

String Text Data рдХो store рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै।

name = "Lovejeet"

Single Quotes:

name = 'Lovejeet'

Double Quotes:

name = "Lovejeet"

Multi-line String:

message = """Hello
Welcome to Python"""

String Indexing

text = "Python"

рдкрд╣рд▓ा character:

text[0]

Output:

P

Last character:

text[-1]

Output:

n

String Slicing

text = "Python"
text[0:3]

Output:

Pyt

рдХुрдЫ useful examples:

text[:3]
text[3:]
text[:]
text[::2]
text[::-1]

500+ Python Functions, Methods рдФрд░ Concepts

рдЕрдм рд╣рдо Python рдХे рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЬрд░ूрд░ी Functions, Methods рдФрд░ Concepts рдХो category-wise рджेрдЦрддे рд╣ैं।


Python Built-in Functions

Python рдоें рдХрдИ built-in functions рдкрд╣рд▓े рд╕े available рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं।

рдХुрдЫ рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЬрд░ूрд░ी Functions:

abs()
all()
any()
ascii()
bin()
bool()
breakpoint()
bytearray()
bytes()
callable()
chr()
classmethod()
compile()
complex()
delattr()
dict()
dir()
divmod()
enumerate()
eval()
exec()
filter()
float()
format()
frozenset()
getattr()
globals()
hasattr()
hash()
help()
hex()
id()
input()
int()
isinstance()
issubclass()
iter()
len()
list()
locals()
map()
max()
memoryview()
min()
next()
object()
oct()
open()
ord()
pow()
print()
property()
range()
repr()
reversed()
round()
set()
setattr()
slice()
sorted()
staticmethod()
str()
sum()
super()
tuple()
type()
vars()
zip()
__import__()

print()

Screen рдкрд░ output рджिрдЦाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

print("Hello")

Multiple values:

print("Age:", 25)

Separator:

print("HTML", "CSS", "Python", sep=" | ")

New line control:

print("Hello", end=" ")
print("World")

input()

User рд╕े input рд▓ेрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(name)

Input рдХो integer рдоें рдмрджрд▓рдиा:

age = int(input("Enter age: "))

len()

Length рдкрддा рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

len("Python")

List:

len([1, 2, 3])

type()

Object рдХा type рдкрддा рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

type(25)

Output:

<class 'int'>

isinstance()

Check рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХि object рдХिрд╕ी type рдпा class рдХा instance рд╣ै рдпा рдирд╣ीं:

isinstance(10, int)

Output:

True

id()

Object рдХी identity рджेрдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

id(name)

dir()

рдХिрд╕ी object рдХे available attributes рдФрд░ methods рджेрдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

dir("Python")

help()

Python documentation/help рджेрдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

help(print)

Number Functions

abs()

Absolute value:

abs(-25)

Output:

25

round()

round(10.567)

pow()

pow(2, 3)

Output:

8

max()

max(10, 20, 5)

min()

min(10, 20, 5)

sum()

sum([10, 20, 30])

divmod()

divmod(10, 3)

Output:

(3, 1)

Number Conversion Functions

int("25")
float("10.5")
complex(2, 3)
bool(1)

Binary:

bin(10)

Octal:

oct(10)

Hexadecimal:

hex(10)

Character Functions

chr()

Unicode number рдХो character рдоें:

chr(65)

Output:

A

ord()

Character рдХो Unicode number рдоें:

ord("A")

Output:

65

Python Operators

Arithmetic Operators

+
-
*
/
%
**
//

Example:

a = 10
b = 3

print(a + b)
print(a - b)
print(a * b)
print(a / b)
print(a % b)
print(a ** b)
print(a // b)

Assignment Operators

=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
**=
//=
&=
|=
^=
>>=
<<=

Example:

count = 10
count += 5

рдЕрдм:

15

Comparison Operators

==
!=
>
<
>=
<=

Example:

10 > 5

Output:

True

Logical Operators

and
or
not

Example:

age >= 18 and country == "India"

Identity Operators

is
is not

Example:

a is b

рдз्рдпाрди рд░рдЦें рдХि is рдФрд░ == рдХा рдХाрдо рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।

== values compare рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै, рдЬрдмрдХि is object identity check рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।


Membership Operators

in
not in

Example:

"Py" in "Python"

Output:

True

Bitwise Operators

&
|
^
~
<<
>>

Example:

5 & 3
5 | 3
5 ^ 3
~5
5 << 1
5 >> 1

Python Conditions

if

age = 20

if age >= 18:
    print("Adult")

if-else

if age >= 18:
    print("Adult")
else:
    print("Minor")

if-elif-else

marks = 75

if marks >= 90:
    print("A")
elif marks >= 60:
    print("B")
else:
    print("C")

Conditional Expression

рдЫोрдЯे condition рдХे рд▓िрдП:

age = 20

result = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"

Python Match Statement

Modern Python рдоें pattern matching рдХे рд▓िрдП match рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

day = 2

match day:
    case 1:
        print("Monday")
    case 2:
        print("Tuesday")
    case _:
        print("Unknown")

Python Loops

Python рдоें рдоुрдЦ्рдп loops:

  • for

  • while


for Loop

for i in range(1, 6):
    print(i)

while Loop

i = 1

while i <= 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1

break

Loop рдХो рд░ोрдХрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

for i in range(10):
    if i == 5:
        break
    print(i)

continue

Current iteration рдХो skip рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue
    print(i)

pass

Empty block рдХे рд▓िрдП:

if True:
    pass

range()

Numbers рдХी sequence рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

range(5)
range(1, 10)
range(1, 10, 2)

Python Lists

List рдоें multiple values store рдХी рдЬा рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ैं।

colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue"]

List Mutable рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै, рдпाрдиी рдЗрд╕рдХी values рдмрджрд▓ी рдЬा рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ैं।

colors[0] = "Black"

List Methods

Python List рдХे important methods:

append()
clear()
copy()
count()
extend()
index()
insert()
pop()
remove()
reverse()
sort()

append()

End рдоें item рдЬोрдб़ें:

colors.append("Yellow")

extend()

Multiple items рдЬोрдб़ें:

colors.extend(["Pink", "White"])

insert()

Specific position рдкрд░ item:

colors.insert(1, "Black")

remove()

Value remove рдХрд░ें:

colors.remove("Red")

pop()

Last item remove рдФрд░ return рдХрд░ें:

colors.pop()

Specific index:

colors.pop(0)

clear()

рдкूрд░ी list рдЦाрд▓ी рдХрд░ें:

colors.clear()

copy()

List рдХी copy:

new_colors = colors.copy()

count()

рдХिрд╕ी value рдХी count:

colors.count("Red")

index()

Value рдХी position:

colors.index("Blue")

reverse()

List reverse:

colors.reverse()

sort()

Ascending:

numbers.sort()

Descending:

numbers.sort(reverse=True)

List Slicing

numbers[0:3]
numbers[:3]
numbers[2:]
numbers[::-1]

List Comprehension

Short рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े list рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

squares = [x * x for x in range(10)]

Condition:

even = [x for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0]

Python Tuples

Tuple List рдЬैрд╕ा рд╣ै рд▓ेрдХिрди generally immutable рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।

colors = ("Red", "Green", "Blue")

Single-item tuple:

item = ("Python",)

Tuple methods:

count()
index()

Tuple Unpacking

name, age = ("Rahul", 20)

Python Sets

Set рдоें unique values рд╣ोрддी рд╣ैं।

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3}

Duplicate values automatically рд╣рдЯ рдЬाрддी рд╣ैं।


Set Methods

Important Set methods:

add()
clear()
copy()
difference()
difference_update()
discard()
intersection()
intersection_update()
isdisjoint()
issubset()
issuperset()
pop()
remove()
symmetric_difference()
symmetric_difference_update()
union()
update()

add()

numbers.add(5)

remove()

numbers.remove(2)

discard()

numbers.discard(10)

discard() рдоें value рдоौрдЬूрдж рди рд╣ो рддो рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпрддः error рдирд╣ीं рдЖрддा।


union()

рджो sets рдХो combine рдХрд░ें:

a.union(b)

рдпा:

a | b

intersection()

Common values:

a.intersection(b)

рдпा:

a & b

difference()

рдкрд╣рд▓े set рдоें рдоौрдЬूрдж рд▓ेрдХिрди рджूрд╕рд░े рдоें рдирд╣ीं:

a.difference(b)

рдпा:

a - b

symmetric_difference()

рджोрдиों sets рдХी non-common values:

a.symmetric_difference(b)

Python Dictionaries

Dictionary Key-Value pairs рдоें data store рдХрд░рддी рд╣ै।

student = {
    "name": "Rahul",
    "age": 20,
    "city": "Delhi"
}

Value:

student["name"]

Safe access:

student.get("name")

Dictionary Methods

Important methods:

clear()
copy()
fromkeys()
get()
items()
keys()
pop()
popitem()
setdefault()
update()
values()

keys()

student.keys()

values()

student.values()

items()

student.items()

update()

student.update({"age": 21})

pop()

student.pop("age")

popitem()

Last inserted key-value pair рд╣рдЯाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

student.popitem()

Dictionary Comprehension

squares = {x: x*x for x in range(5)}

Nested Dictionary

students = {
    "student1": {
        "name": "Rahul",
        "age": 20
    },
    "student2": {
        "name": "Aman",
        "age": 21
    }
}

Python Strings рдХे Important Methods

String methods рдХी рдмрдб़ी list:

capitalize()
casefold()
center()
count()
encode()
endswith()
expandtabs()
find()
format()
format_map()
index()
isalnum()
isalpha()
isascii()
isdecimal()
isdigit()
isidentifier()
islower()
isnumeric()
isprintable()
isspace()
istitle()
isupper()
join()
ljust()
lower()
lstrip()
partition()
removeprefix()
removesuffix()
replace()
rfind()
rindex()
rjust()
rpartition()
rsplit()
rstrip()
split()
splitlines()
startswith()
strip()
swapcase()
title()
translate()
upper()
zfill()

lower()

text.lower()

upper()

text.upper()

capitalize()

text.capitalize()

title()

text.title()

swapcase()

text.swapcase()

strip()

text.strip()

lstrip()

text.lstrip()

rstrip()

text.rstrip()

replace()

text.replace("Python", "Java")

split()

String рдХो list рдоें:

"HTML CSS Python".split()

join()

List рдХो string рдоें:

" ".join(["HTML", "CSS", "Python"])

find()

text.find("Python")

startswith()

text.startswith("Py")

endswith()

text.endswith("on")

count()

text.count("a")

f-Strings

Python рдоें formatted text рдХे рд▓िрдП f-string рдмрд╣ुрдд useful рд╣ै।

name = "Rahul"
age = 20

print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")

String Formatting

name = "Rahul"

print("Hello {}".format(name))

Escape Characters

рдХुрдЫ common escape sequences:

\n   New Line
\t   Tab
\\   Backslash
\'   Single Quote
\"   Double Quote
\b   Backspace
\r   Carriage Return

Python Functions

Function рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

def greet():
    print("Hello")

Function call:

greet()

Function Parameters

def greet(name):
    print("Hello", name)

greet("Rahul")

Return

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

result = add(10, 20)

Default Arguments

def greet(name="Guest"):
    print("Hello", name)

Keyword Arguments

greet(name="Rahul")

*args

Multiple positional arguments:

def total(*args):
    return sum(args)

**kwargs

Multiple keyword arguments:

def info(**kwargs):
    print(kwargs)

Lambda Function

square = lambda x: x * x

map()

рд╣рд░ item рдкрд░ function apply рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]

result = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, numbers))

filter()

Condition рдХे рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ values filter рдХрд░ें:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

result = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))

reduce()

functools рд╕े:

from functools import reduce

result = reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, [1, 2, 3, 4])

zip()

рджो рдпा рдЬ्рдпाрджा sequences рдХो combine рдХрд░ें:

names = ["A", "B", "C"]
ages = [20, 21, 22]

result = zip(names, ages)

List:

list(zip(names, ages))

enumerate()

Index рдХे рд╕ाрде values:

names = ["Aman", "Ravi", "Rahul"]

for index, name in enumerate(names):
    print(index, name)

sorted()

рдирдИ sorted list:

numbers = [5, 2, 8, 1]

result = sorted(numbers)

Descending:

sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

reversed()

Sequence рдХो reverse order рдоें iterate рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

list(reversed(numbers))

any()

рдЕрдЧрд░ рдХोрдИ рднी value True рд╣ै:

any([False, False, True])

all()

рдЕрдЧрд░ рд╕рднी values True рд╣ैं:

all([True, True, True])

Python Iterators

Iterator рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

numbers = iter([1, 2, 3])

Next value:

next(numbers)

Python Generators

Generator yield рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

def numbers():
    for i in range(5):
        yield i

Generator:

for number in numbers():
    print(number)

Generators memory efficient рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं рдХ्рдпोंрдХि рд╡े values рдХो рдПрдХ рд╕ाрде рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рдмрдЬाрдп рдЬрд░ूрд░рдд рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ produce рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं।


Generator Expression

squares = (x*x for x in range(10))

Python Scope

Python рдоें рдоुрдЦ्рдп scopes:

Local
Enclosing
Global
Built-in

рдЗрд╕े рдЕрдХ्рд╕рд░ LEGB Rule рдХрд╣ा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।


global

Global variable рдХो function рдХे рдЕंрджрд░ modify рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

count = 0

def update():
    global count
    count += 1

nonlocal

Nested function рдоें enclosing scope рдХी variable рдмрджрд▓рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

def outer():
    count = 0

    def inner():
        nonlocal count
        count += 1

Python Modules

Python рдоें code рдХो рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ files/modules рдоें organize рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

Example:

import math

import

import math

print(math.sqrt(25))

from ... import

from math import sqrt

print(sqrt(25))

as

Alias рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import numpy as np

Important Python Standard Library Modules

Python Standard Library рдоें рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕ाрд░े useful modules рд╣ैं:

math
random
datetime
time
os
sys
json
re
statistics
decimal
fractions
pathlib
shutil
glob
subprocess
sqlite3
csv
collections
itertools
functools
operator
string
textwrap
logging
argparse
configparser
hashlib
secrets
typing
dataclasses
enum
abc
copy
pprint
traceback
unittest
doctest

math Module

import math

Useful functions/constants:

sqrt()
pow()
ceil()
floor()
factorial()
gcd()
lcm()
fabs()
isfinite()
isinf()
isnan()
log()
log10()
exp()
sin()
cos()
tan()
degrees()
radians()
pi
e
tau
inf
nan

Example:

math.sqrt(25)

random Module

Random values рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import random

Important functions:

random()
randint()
randrange()
choice()
choices()
sample()
shuffle()
uniform()
getrandbits()

Example:

random.randint(1, 100)

List рд╕े random item:

random.choice(["Red", "Blue", "Green"])

List shuffle:

random.shuffle(colors)

datetime Module

Date рдФрд░ Time рдХे рд▓िрдП:

from datetime import datetime, date, time, timedelta

Current Date-Time:

datetime.now()

Current Date:

date.today()

Date difference:

timedelta(days=7)

os Module

Operating System рд╕े related рдХाрдо:

import os

Useful functions:

getcwd()
chdir()
listdir()
mkdir()
makedirs()
remove()
rename()
rmdir()
walk()
environ

Current directory:

os.getcwd()

Files:

os.listdir()

pathlib

Modern file path handling рдХे рд▓िрдП:

from pathlib import Path

Example:

path = Path("data.txt")

Check:

path.exists()

Read:

path.read_text()

Write:

path.write_text("Hello Python")

File Handling

File open рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

file = open("data.txt", "r")

File read:

data = file.read()

File close:

file.close()

рд▓ेрдХिрди рдмेрд╣рддрд░ рддрд░ीрдХा рд╣ै:

with open("data.txt", "r") as file:
    data = file.read()

File Modes

r   Read
w   Write
a   Append
x   Create
b   Binary
t   Text
+   Read and Write

Examples:

open("data.txt", "r")
open("data.txt", "w")
open("data.txt", "a")

File Methods

Important methods:

read()
readline()
readlines()
write()
writelines()
seek()
tell()
flush()
close()
readable()
writable()
seekable()

JSON

Python рдоें JSON рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import json

Python object → JSON:

json.dumps(data)

JSON → Python object:

json.loads(data)

File рдоें JSON write:

json.dump(data, file)

File рд╕े JSON read:

json.load(file)

Regular Expressions

Regex рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import re

Important functions:

match()
search()
findall()
finditer()
split()
sub()
fullmatch()
escape()
compile()

Example:

import re

result = re.search("Python", "I love Python")

Python Exception Handling

Error рдХो handle рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

try:
    number = int(input("Enter number: "))
except ValueError:
    print("Invalid number")

try-except-else-finally

try:
    result = 10 / 2
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")
else:
    print("Success")
finally:
    print("Done")

Common Python Exceptions

Exception
ValueError
TypeError
NameError
IndexError
KeyError
AttributeError
ZeroDivisionError
FileNotFoundError
ImportError
ModuleNotFoundError
RuntimeError
OSError
PermissionError
OverflowError
NotImplementedError
StopIteration

raise

Custom error generate рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

age = 15

if age < 18:
    raise ValueError("Age must be 18 or above")

Custom Exception

class MyError(Exception):
    pass

Python OOP

Python рдоें Object-Oriented Programming рдХे important concepts:

Class
Object
Attribute
Method
Constructor
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Composition
Aggregation
Interface-like design

Class

class Student:
    pass

Object

student = Student()

Constructor

class Student:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

Object:

student = Student("Rahul")

Instance Method

class Student:

    def greet(self):
        print("Hello")

Class Variable

class Student:
    school = "ABC School"

Instance Variable

class Student:

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

Inheritance

class Animal:

    def sound(self):
        print("Sound")


class Dog(Animal):
    pass

Method Overriding

class Dog(Animal):

    def sound(self):
        print("Bark")

super()

Parent class рдХे methods/constructor рдХो access рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

class Dog(Animal):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

Encapsulation

Python рдоें _name рдФрд░ __name рдЬैрд╕ी naming conventions/access mechanisms рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрдП рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं।

class Student:

    def __init__(self):
        self.__name = "Rahul"

Property

class Student:

    def __init__(self):
        self._name = ""

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

Static Method

class Math:

    @staticmethod
    def add(a, b):
        return a + b

Class Method

class Student:

    school = "ABC"

    @classmethod
    def change_school(cls, name):
        cls.school = name

Abstract Classes

abc module рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):

    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

Dataclasses

Simple data-holding classes рдХे рд▓िрдП:

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Student:
    name: str
    age: int

Python Decorators

Decorator function рдХे behavior рдХो modify рдпा wrap рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

def decorator(func):

    def wrapper():
        print("Before")
        func()
        print("After")

    return wrapper

Use:

@decorator
def hello():
    print("Hello")

functools Module

Useful tools:

reduce()
partial()
lru_cache()
cache()
wraps()
total_ordering()
singledispatch()

itertools Module

Iteration рдХे рд▓िрдП рдмрд╣ुрдд useful module:

import itertools

Important functions:

count()
cycle()
repeat()
chain()
compress()
dropwhile()
takewhile()
filterfalse()
islice()
starmap()
accumulate()
product()
permutations()
combinations()
combinations_with_replacement()
groupby()
pairwise()

collections Module

Useful data structures:

Counter
defaultdict
deque
namedtuple
OrderedDict
ChainMap
UserDict
UserList
UserString

Counter

Items рдХी frequency:

from collections import Counter

count = Counter(["A", "B", "A", "C", "A"])

defaultdict

Default value рдХे рд╕ाрде dictionary:

from collections import defaultdict

data = defaultdict(list)

deque

Fast double-ended queue:

from collections import deque

queue = deque()
queue.append("A")
queue.appendleft("B")

Useful methods:

append()
appendleft()
clear()
copy()
count()
extend()
extendleft()
index()
insert()
pop()
popleft()
remove()
reverse()
rotate()

Python statistics

Statistics рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import statistics

Important functions:

mean()
fmean()
geometric_mean()
harmonic_mean()
median()
median_low()
median_high()
median_grouped()
mode()
multimode()
quantiles()
variance()
pvariance()
stdev()
pstdev()
covariance()
correlation()
linear_regression()

Python decimal

Precise decimal calculations рдХे рд▓िрдП:

from decimal import Decimal

Example:

price = Decimal("10.50")

Python fractions

Fractions рдХे рд▓िрдП:

from fractions import Fraction

value = Fraction(1, 3)

Python sqlite3

Local SQLite database рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import sqlite3

Connection:

conn = sqlite3.connect("school.db")

Cursor:

cursor = conn.cursor()

Query:

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")

Python CSV

CSV files рдХे рд▓िрдП:

import csv

CSV рдкрдв़рдиा:

with open("data.csv") as file:
    reader = csv.reader(file)

    for row in reader:
        print(row)

Python Environment

Python рдоें environment management рдХे рд▓िрдП virtual environment рдмрд╣ुрдд useful рд╣ै।

Create:

python -m venv venv

Activate рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рддрд░ीрдХा operating system рдкрд░ depend рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

Package install:

pip install package_name

Installed packages:

pip list

Package information:

pip show package_name

Packages update:

python -m pip install --upgrade package_name

Python pip

Common commands:

pip install
pip uninstall
pip list
pip show
pip freeze
pip check
pip download
pip wheel

Requirements file:

pip freeze > requirements.txt

Install:

pip install -r requirements.txt

Python Import Concepts

import module
from module import function
import module as alias
from module import *

рдЖрдорддौрд░ рдкрд░ explicit imports рд░рдЦрдиा рдЬ्рдпाрджा readable рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै।


__name__

Python files рдоें common pattern:

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

рдЗрд╕рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдпрд╣ рддрдп рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै рдХि file рд╕ीрдзे run рд╣ुрдИ рд╣ै рдпा module рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें import рд╣ुрдИ рд╣ै।


Python Special Methods

Python рдоें рдХрдИ special/dunder methods рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं:

__init__()
__str__()
__repr__()
__len__()
__iter__()
__next__()
__getitem__()
__setitem__()
__delitem__()
__contains__()
__call__()
__eq__()
__lt__()
__le__()
__gt__()
__ge__()
__add__()
__sub__()
__mul__()
__truediv__()
__floordiv__()
__mod__()
__pow__()
__enter__()
__exit__()

Example:

class Student:

    def __str__(self):
        return "Student Object"

Context Manager

File handling рдоें:

with open("data.txt") as file:
    print(file.read())

рдпрд╣ resource рдХो рд╕рд╣ी рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े manage рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै।

Custom context manager рдоें:

__enter__()
__exit__()

рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।


Python Type Hints

Type hints code рдХो рдЬ्рдпाрджा readable рдФрд░ maintainable рдмрдиाрдиे рдоें рдорджрдж рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।

def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b

Complex types:

from typing import List

numbers: List[int] = [1, 2, 3]

Modern Python рдоें built-in generic syntax рднी рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै:

numbers: list[int] = [1, 2, 3]

Python Useful Built-in Concepts

Mutable
Immutable
Iterable
Iterator
Generator
Sequence
Mapping
Hashable
Callable
Context Manager
Namespace
Scope
Decorator
Comprehension
Lambda
Closure
Recursion
Duck Typing
Type Hinting
Pattern Matching

Mutable vs Immutable

Mutable

рдЗрдирдХी values рдмрджрд▓ рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ैं:

list
dict
set
bytearray

Immutable

рдЗрдирдХी value directly modify рдирд╣ीं рдХी рдЬा рд╕рдХрддी:

int
float
bool
str
tuple
frozenset
bytes

Python Recursion

рдЬрдм function рдЦुрдж рдХो call рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै рддो рдЙрд╕े recursion рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं।

def countdown(n):

    if n == 0:
        return

    print(n)
    countdown(n - 1)

Python Lambda

add = lambda a, b: a + b

print(add(10, 20))

Lambda рдЫोрдЯे functions рдХे рд▓िрдП useful рд╣ै।


Python Comprehensions

List Comprehension

[x * 2 for x in range(5)]

Set Comprehension

{x * 2 for x in range(5)}

Dictionary Comprehension

{x: x*x for x in range(5)}

Generator Expression

(x * 2 for x in range(5))

Python Sorting

Basic:

numbers.sort()

рдирдИ list:

sorted(numbers)

Reverse:

sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

Key рдХे рд╕ाрде:

students = [
    {"name": "A", "age": 25},
    {"name": "B", "age": 20}
]

sorted(students, key=lambda x: x["age"])

Python Searching

List рдоें:

if "Python" in languages:
    print("Found")

Dictionary рдоें:

if "name" in student:
    print("Found")

String рдоें:

if "Py" in text:
    print("Found")

Python open() Function

open("file.txt", "r")

Common arguments:

file
mode
buffering
encoding
errors
newline
closefd
opener

UTF-8 text:

with open("data.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as file:
    data = file.read()

Python eval() рдФрд░ exec()

eval() expression evaluate рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै:

result = eval("10 + 20")

exec() Python code execute рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै:

exec("x = 10")

⚠️ User-provided untrusted input рдХे рд╕ाрде рдЗрдирдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рдиा dangerous рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।


Python compile()

Code рдХो compiled code object рдоें рдмрджрд▓рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

code = compile("x = 10", "<string>", "exec")

Python hash()

Hash value:

hash("Python")

Python callable()

Check рдХрд░ें рдХि object callable рд╣ै рдпा рдирд╣ीं:

callable(print)

Python getattr()

Object рдХा attribute dynamic рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े:

getattr(student, "name")

Python setattr()

Attribute set рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

setattr(student, "age", 20)

Python hasattr()

Check:

hasattr(student, "name")

Python delattr()

Attribute delete:

delattr(student, "age")

Python repr()

Object рдХा developer-oriented representation:

repr("Python")

Python format()

Value format рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

format(10, "04")

Python ascii()

Object рдХा ASCII-oriented representation:

ascii("Python")

Python object()

Base object:

obj = object()

Python super()

Parent class рд╕े functionality access рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

super().method()

Python property()

Attribute access рдХो controlled рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े manage рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

property(getter, setter)

Python staticmethod()

Static method рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

staticmethod(function)

рдЖрдорддौрд░ рдкрд░ decorator syntax рдЬ्рдпाрджा readable рд╣ै:

@staticmethod
def add(a, b):
    return a + b

Python classmethod()

Class method рдХे рд▓िрдП:

@classmethod
def create(cls):
    return cls()

Python slice()

Slice object рдмрдиाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

s = slice(0, 5)
text[s]

Python memoryview()

Buffer-oriented data рдХे рд╕ाрде рдХाрдо рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

data = bytearray("Python", "utf-8")
view = memoryview(data)

Python bytes()

Immutable bytes:

data = bytes("Python", "utf-8")

Python bytearray()

Mutable byte sequence:

data = bytearray(b"Python")

Python frozenset()

Immutable set:

numbers = frozenset([1, 2, 3])

Python enumerate()

Index рдФрд░ value рд╕ाрде рдоें:

for index, value in enumerate(["A", "B", "C"], start=1):
    print(index, value)

Python zip()

names = ["A", "B"]
ages = [20, 21]

for name, age in zip(names, ages):
    print(name, age)

Python Debugging

Debugging рдХे рд▓िрдП:

breakpoint()

рдЖрдк IDE debugger рднी рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।

Basic debugging рдоें:

print(variable)

рдФрд░:

type(variable)

рдЬैрд╕े techniques рднी useful рд╣ैं।


Python Logging

Production applications рдоें print() рдХी рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдЕрдХ्рд╕рд░ logging рдЬ्рдпाрджा useful рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै।

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

logging.info("Application started")
logging.warning("Something may be wrong")
logging.error("An error occurred")

Common levels:

DEBUG
INFO
WARNING
ERROR
CRITICAL

Python Testing

Python рдоें built-in unittest module available рд╣ै।

import unittest

class TestMath(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_add(self):
        self.assertEqual(2 + 3, 5)

Common assertions:

assertEqual()
assertNotEqual()
assertTrue()
assertFalse()
assertIs()
assertIsNone()
assertIn()
assertNotIn()
assertRaises()

Python Security Basics

Python application рдмрдиाрддे рд╕рдордп:

  • User input validate рдХрд░ें।

  • Password рдХो plain text рдоें store рди рдХрд░ें।

  • Secrets рдХो source code рдоें hard-code рди рдХрд░ें।

  • Environment variables рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░ें।

  • SQL queries рдоें parameterized queries рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░ें।

  • Untrusted input рдХे рд╕ाрде eval()/exec() avoid рдХрд░ें।

  • File upload рдоें type рдФрд░ size validate рдХрд░ें।

  • Dependencies рдХो updated рд░рдЦें।

  • HTTPS рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░ें।


Python рдоें Environment Variables

import os

api_key = os.getenv("API_KEY")

Sensitive keys рдХो code рдоें рд╕ीрдзे рд▓िрдЦрдиे рдХे рдмрдЬाрдп environment configuration рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рдиा рдмेрд╣рддрд░ рд╣ै।


Python Project Structure

рдПрдХ simple project:

my_project/
│
├── main.py
├── requirements.txt
├── README.md
│
├── app/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── models.py
│   └── utils.py
│
└── tests/
    └── test_app.py

рдмрдб़े projects рдоें structure project рдХी рдЬрд░ूрд░рдд рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।


Python Naming Conventions

Variable

user_name = "Rahul"

Function

def calculate_total():
    pass

Class

class StudentProfile:
    pass

Constant

MAX_USERS = 100

Python рдоें naming conventions readability improve рдХрд░рддी рд╣ैं।


Python Useful Methods Quick List

String

lower()
upper()
capitalize()
title()
strip()
split()
join()
replace()
find()
count()
startswith()
endswith()

List

append()
extend()
insert()
remove()
pop()
clear()
copy()
count()
index()
reverse()
sort()

Tuple

count()
index()

Set

add()
remove()
discard()
pop()
clear()
union()
intersection()
difference()
symmetric_difference()
update()

Dictionary

get()
keys()
values()
items()
update()
pop()
popitem()
clear()
copy()
setdefault()
fromkeys()

Python Functional Tools Quick List

map()
filter()
reduce()
zip()
enumerate()
sorted()
reversed()
any()
all()
iter()
next()

Python File Tools Quick List

open()
read()
readline()
readlines()
write()
writelines()
seek()
tell()
flush()
close()

Python Date-Time Quick List

datetime.now()
date.today()
timedelta()
strftime()
strptime()

Example:

from datetime import datetime

now = datetime.now()

print(now.strftime("%d-%m-%Y"))

Python Regular Expression Quick List

re.match()
re.search()
re.fullmatch()
re.findall()
re.finditer()
re.split()
re.sub()
re.compile()
re.escape()

Python Collections Quick List

Counter
defaultdict
deque
namedtuple
OrderedDict
ChainMap

Python Itertools Quick List

count()
cycle()
repeat()
chain()
compress()
dropwhile()
takewhile()
filterfalse()
islice()
starmap()
accumulate()
product()
permutations()
combinations()
groupby()
pairwise()

Python OOP Quick Reference

ConceptMeaning
ClassObject рдХा blueprint
ObjectClass рдХा instance
AttributeObject/Class рдХी data
MethodClass рдХे рдЕंрджрд░ function
ConstructorObject initialization
InheritanceParent рд╕े features рд▓ेрдиा
EncapsulationData/behavior рдХो organize рдХрд░рдиा
PolymorphismSame interface, different behavior
AbstractionрдЬрд░ूрд░ी details expose рдХрд░рдиा
selfCurrent instance
clsCurrent class
super()Parent implementation access

Python Keywords

Python рдоें рдХрдИ reserved keywords рд╣ैं:

False
None
True
and
as
assert
async
await
break
case
class
continue
def
del
elif
else
except
finally
for
from
global
if
import
in
is
lambda
match
nonlocal
not
or
pass
raise
return
try
while
with
yield

Python version рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ available keywords рдоें рдмрджрд▓ाрд╡ рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।


Python Quick Cheat Sheet

TopicImportant Things
Outputprint()
Inputinput()
Variablesname = "Rahul"
Typesstr, int, float, bool
Collectionslist, tuple, set, dict
Conditionsif, elif, else
Pattern Matchingmatch, case
Loopsfor, while
Functionsdef, return
Lambdalambda
ComprehensionList, Set, Dict
Stringssplit(), join(), replace()
Listsappend(), pop(), sort()
Setsadd(), union(), intersection()
Dictionaryget(), keys(), values()
Filesopen(), read(), write()
JSONjson.dumps(), json.loads()
Errorstry, except, finally
Modulesimport
OOPClass, Object, Inheritance
Date-Timedatetime
Regexre
Iterationiter(), next()
Functionalmap(), filter(), reduce()
Debuggingbreakpoint()
Testingunittest
Environmentvenv, pip

ЁЯТб рдоेрд░ी рд╕рд▓ाрд╣

рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдк Python Beginner рд╣ैं, рддो рдПрдХ рд╕ाрде 500+ Functions рдпाрдж рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдХोрд╢िрд╢ рдмिрд▓्рдХुрд▓ рди рдХрд░ें।

Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдпрд╣ order follow рдХрд░ें:

Python Basics
      ↓
Variables
      ↓
Data Types
      ↓
Operators
      ↓
if-else
      ↓
Loops
      ↓
Strings
      ↓
Lists
      ↓
Tuples
      ↓
Sets
      ↓
Dictionaries
      ↓
Functions
      ↓
Comprehensions
      ↓
Modules
      ↓
File Handling
      ↓
Exception Handling
      ↓
OOP
      ↓
JSON & APIs
      ↓
Libraries
      ↓
Real Projects

рдЗрд╕ рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдкрд░ concepts рдПрдХ-рджूрд╕рд░े рд╕े connect рд╣ोрддे рдЬाрдПंрдЧे।


⚠️ Note

Python рдХे рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ versions рдоें рдХुрдЫ features, modules рдпा behaviors рдмрджрд▓ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं। рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП рдкुрд░ाрдиे tutorials рд╕े рдоिрд▓े code рдХो рдЕрдкрдиे current Python version рдоें test рдХрд░рдиा рдЕрдЪ्рдЫा рд░рд╣рддा рд╣ै।

рдЗрд╕ी рддрд░рд╣ third-party libraries рдХे functions рдФрд░ methods Python Standard Library рд╕े рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╣ोрддे рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХे versions рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдмрджрд▓ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।


Python рдоें Beginner рдХौрди-рд╕े Projects рдмрдиा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै?

Practice рдХे рд▓िрдП рдпे projects рдХाрдлी рдЕрдЪ्рдЫे рд╣ैं:

ProjectрдХ्рдпा рд╕ीрдЦेंрдЧे
CalculatorVariables, Operators
Number Guessing GameConditions, Loops
To-Do ListLists, Functions
Quiz AppConditions, Dictionaries
Password GeneratorStrings, Random
Contact BookDictionary, File Handling
Expense TrackerFiles, Lists
Student ManagementOOP, Files
Weather AppAPIs, JSON
URL ShortenerWeb, Database
BlogWeb Development, Database
Login SystemForms, Hashing
File Organizeros, pathlib, Automation
CSV AnalyzerCSV, Data Processing
Notes AppCRUD, Files/Database

ЁЯТб Pro Tip

Python рдоें рд╣рд░ Function рдХो рдпाрдж рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдЬрд░ूрд░рдд рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै।

рдЖрдкрдХो рдпрд╣ рдкрддा рд╣ोрдиा рдЬ्рдпाрджा рдЬрд░ूрд░ी рд╣ै рдХि рдХिрд╕ рдХाрдо рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХौрди-рд╕ा Function рдпा Method рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рдиा рд╣ै।

рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг:

  • Length рдЪाрд╣िрдП → len()

  • Type рдЪाрд╣िрдП → type()

  • Input рдЪाрд╣िрдП → input()

  • Output рдЪाрд╣िрдП → print()

  • Maximum value → max()

  • Minimum value → min()

  • Total рдЪाрд╣िрдП → sum()

  • List рдоें item рдЬोрдб़рдиा рд╣ै → append()

  • List sort рдХрд░рдиी рд╣ै → sort()

  • Text рдмрджрд▓рдиा рд╣ै → replace()

  • Text split рдХрд░рдиा рд╣ै → split()

  • Text рдЬोрдб़рдиा рд╣ै → join()

  • Dictionary value рдЪाрд╣िрдП → get()

  • JSON рдмрдиाрдиा рд╣ै → json.dumps()

  • JSON рдкрдв़рдиा рд╣ै → json.loads()

  • File рдЦोрд▓рдиी рд╣ै → open()

  • Date рдЪाрд╣िрдП → datetime

  • Random value рдЪाрд╣िрдП → random

  • Regular Expression рдЪाрд╣िрдП → re

Practice рдХे рд╕ाрде рдпे Functions naturally рдпाрдж рд╣ोрдиे рд▓рдЧेंрдЧे।


Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХा рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЕрдЪ्рдЫा рддрд░ीрдХा

рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдк рдмिрд▓्рдХुрд▓ Beginner рд╣ैं рддो рдкрд╣рд▓े рдЫोрдЯे programs рдмрдиाрдЗрдП।

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello {name}!")

рдлिрд░ Calculator:

a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))

print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Subtraction:", a - b)
print("Multiplication:", a * b)
print("Division:", a / b)

рдЗрд╕рдХे рдмाрдж рдзीрд░े-рдзीрд░े:

Calculator
↓
Quiz App
↓
Number Guessing Game
↓
To-Do App
↓
Contact Book
↓
File Organizer
↓
API Project
↓
Database Project
↓
Web Application

рдХी рддрд░рдл рдЬाрдПँ।


Conclusion

Python рдПрдХ powerful рдФрд░ beginner-friendly programming language рд╣ै рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдЫोрдЯे scripts рд╕े рд▓ेрдХрд░ рдмрдб़े software projects рдФрд░ data applications рддрдХ рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

рдЗрд╕ Python Complete Cheat Sheet рдоें рд╣рдордиे Python рдХे important:

Functions, Methods, Variables, Data Types, Operators, Conditions, Loops, Strings, Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries, Functions, Lambda, Comprehensions, Modules, File Handling, JSON, Regular Expressions, Exceptions, OOP, Decorators, Generators, Iterators, Collections, Itertools, Date-Time, Debugging, Testing рдФрд░ рдХрдИ рджूрд╕рд░े Concepts рдХो рдЖрд╕ाрди рднाрд╖ा рдоें рд╕рдордЭा।

рд▓ेрдХिрди рдпाрдж рд░рдЦें—Cheat Sheet рдкрдв़рдиा рдФрд░ Programming рд╕ीрдЦрдиा рджो рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдЪीрдЬें рд╣ैं।

Programming рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЖрдкрдХो рдЦुрдж Code рд▓िрдЦрдиा рдкрдб़ेрдЧा।

рд╕рдмрд╕े simple formula рдпाрдж рд░рдЦें:

Code рд▓िрдЦिрдП → Run рдХीрдЬिрдП → Error рджेрдЦिрдП → Error рд╕рдордЭिрдП → Fix рдХीрдЬिрдП → рдлिрд░ Practice рдХीрдЬिрдП। ЁЯЪА

рдЗрд╕ी рддрд░рд╣ рд▓рдЧाрддाрд░ practice рдХрд░рддे рд░рд╣рдиे рдкрд░ Python рдзीрд░े-рдзीрд░े рдЖрд╕ाрди рд▓рдЧрдиे рд▓рдЧेрдЧी।


FAQs

1. Python рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?

Python рдПрдХ high-level, general-purpose programming language рд╣ै рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ Web Development, Data Science, AI, Automation рдФрд░ рдХрдИ рджूрд╕рд░े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ों рдоें рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

2. рдХ्рдпा Python Beginners рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЕрдЪ्рдЫी рд╣ै?

рд╣ाँ। Python рдХा syntax relatively simple рдФрд░ readable рд╣ै, рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП programming рд╢ुрд░ू рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рд▓ोрдЧों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ popular choice рд╣ै।

3. Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рд╕े рдкрд╣рд▓े рдХ्рдпा рдЖрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП?

Basic computer knowledge helpful рд╣ै। Programming рд╢ुрд░ू рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрд╕ी рджूрд╕рд░ी programming language рдХा expert рд╣ोрдиा рдЬрд░ूрд░ी рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै।

4. Python рдоें Variable рдХैрд╕े рдмрдиाрддे рд╣ैं?

Python рдоें рд╕ीрдзे value assign рдХрд░рдХे variable рдмрдиाрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै:

name = "Rahul"
age = 20

5. Python рдоें print() рдХा рдХ्рдпा рдХाрдо рд╣ै?

print() рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ output рдХो display рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

print("Hello Python")

6. Python рдоें List рдФрд░ Tuple рдоें рдХ्рдпा рдЕंрддрд░ рд╣ै?

List generally mutable рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै, рдЬрдмрдХि Tuple immutable рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै।

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

7. Python рдоें Dictionary рдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै?

Dictionary data рдХो key-value pairs рдоें store рдХрд░рддी рд╣ै।

student = {
    "name": "Rahul",
    "age": 20
}

8. Python рдоें Function рдХैрд╕े рдмрдиाрддे рд╣ैं?

def keyword рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рдХे:

def greet():
    print("Hello")

9. Python рдоें lambda рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?

Lambda рдПрдХ рдЫोрдЯा anonymous function рдмрдиाрдиे рдХा рддрд░ीрдХा рд╣ै।

square = lambda x: x * x

10. Python рдоें for Loop рдХा рдХ्рдпा рдХाрдо рд╣ै?

for loop рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХिрд╕ी iterable рдХे items рдкрд░ рдмाрд░-рдмाрд░ code execute рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

for i in range(5):
    print(i)

11. Python рдоें try-except рдХ्рдпों рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं?

Runtime errors рдХो handle рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП:

try:
    x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")

12. Python рдоें OOP рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?

OOP рдпाрдиी Object-Oriented Programming। рдЗрд╕рдоें Class рдФрд░ Object рдЬैрд╕े concepts рдХा рдЗрд╕्рддेрдоाрд▓ рдХрд░рдХे applications рдХो organize рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।

13. Python рдоें Module рдХ्рдпा рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै?

Python file рдЬिрд╕рдоें reusable code, functions, classes рдпा variables рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं, рдЙрд╕े module рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें import рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।

import math

14. Python рдоें pip рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?

pip Python packages рдХो install рдФрд░ manage рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП commonly used package-management tool рд╣ै।

pip install requests

15. Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХा рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЕрдЪ्рдЫा рддрд░ीрдХा рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?

рдкрд╣рд▓े Basics рд╕ीрдЦें рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХे рдмाрдж рдЫोрдЯे-рдЫोрдЯे projects рдмрдиाрдПं। рд╕िрд░्рдл tutorials рджेрдЦрдиे рдХे рдмрдЬाрдп рд░ोрдЬ рдеोрдб़ा Code рд▓िрдЦрдиा рдЬ्рдпाрджा effective рд╣ै।

Python рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХा рд╕рдмрд╕े рдЕрдЪ्рдЫा formula рд╣ै:

Learn → Code → Run → Error → Fix → Practice → Project. ЁЯРНЁЯЪА


ЁЯУе Download from Official Source

ЁЯОм Need help? Click the button below to watch the complete step-by-step video guide tutorial!

ЁЯУ║ Watch Full Video Guide

рдПрдХ рдЯिрдк्рдкрдгी рднेрдЬें

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